参考文献（References）

参考文献条目保留原文。

Aibar, Eduardo, and Wiebe E. Bijker. 1997. “Constructing a City: The Cerda Plan for the Extension of Barcelona.” Science, Technology & Human Values 22 (1): 3–30. https://doi.org/10.1177/016224399702200101.¶

Akrich, Madeleine. 1992. “The De-Scription of Technical Objects.” In Shaping Technology / Building Society: Studies in Sociotechnical Change, edited by John Law and Wiebe Bijker, 205–24. Massachusetts: MIT Press.¶

Akrich, Madeleine, & Bruno Latour. 1992. “A Summary of a Convenient Vocabulary for the Semiotics of Human and Nonhuman Assemblies.” In Shaping Technology/Building Society, edited by Wiebe E. Bijker and John Law. 259–64. Massachusetts: MIT Press.¶

Allgaier, Joachim, Andrea Geipel, and Jesús Muñoz Morcillo. 2019. “Climate Protection Policy in Germany: YouTubers and Scientists United against the Government?” Naturevolve. November 14, 2019. https://www.naturevolve.com/post/2019/11/12/climate-protection-policy-in-germany-youtubers-and-scientists-united-against-the-governme.¶

Amann, Klaus, and Stefan Hirschauer. 1997. “Die Befremdung Der Eigenen Kultur. Ein Programm.” Die Befremdung Der Eigenen Kultur. Zur Ethnographischen Herausforderung Soziologischer Empirie. Suhrkamp-Taschenbuch Wissenschaft. 1318. Frankfurt, Main: Suhrkamp.¶

Amatriain, Xavier, and Justin Basilico. 2011. “Recommender Systems in Industry: A Netflix Case Study.” In Recommender Systems Handbook, edited by Francesco Ricci, Lior Rokach, Bracha Shapira, and Paul B. Kantor, 385–419. Boston, MA: Springer US. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-85820-3_8.¶

———. 2016. “Past, Present, and Future of Recommender Systems: An Industry Perspective.” In Proceedings of the 10th ACM Conference on Recommender Systems, 211–14. RecSys ’16. New York, NY, USA: Association for Computing Machinery. https://doi.org/10.1145/2959100.2959144.¶

Ames, Morgan G. 2018. “Deconstructing the Algorithmic Sublime.” Big Data & Society 5 (1): 2053951718779194. https://doi.org/10.1177/2053951718779194.¶

Amoore, Louise. 2009. “Algorithmic War: Everyday Geographies of the War on Terror.” Antipode 41 (1): 49–69. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8330.2008.00655.x.¶

———. 2011. “Data Derivatives. On the Emergence of a Security Risk Calculus for Our Times.” Theory, Culture & Society 28 (6): 24–43. https://doi.org/10.1177/0263276411417430.¶

———. 2013. The Politics of Possibility: Risk and Security Beyond Probability. Durham: Duke University Press.¶

Ananny, Mike. 2016. “Toward an Ethics of Algorithms: Convening, Observation, Probability, and Timeliness.” Science, Technology, & Human Values 41 (1): 93–117. https://doi.org/10.1177/0162243915606523.¶

Ananny, Mike, and Kate Crawford. 2018. “Seeing without Knowing: Limitations of the Transparency Ideal and Its Application to Algorithmic Accountability.” New Media & Society 20 (3): 973–89. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444816676645.¶

Anderson, Benedict. 2006*. Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism*. Revised. London ; New York: Verso.¶

Aneesh, Aneesh. 2009. “Global Labor: Algocratic Modes of Organization.” Sociological Theory 27 (4): 347–70. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9558.2009.01352.x.¶

Angwin, Julia, Jeff Larson, Surya Mattu, and Lauren Kirchner. 2016. “Machine Bias: There’s Software Used Across the Country to Predict Future Criminals. And It’s Biased Against Blacks.” ProPublica. May 23, 2016. https://www.propublica.org/article/machine-bias-risk-assessments-in-criminal-sentencing.¶

Angwin, Julia, Madeleine Varner, and Ariana Tobin. 2017. “Facebook Enabled Advertisers to Reach ‘Jew Haters.’” ProPublica. 2017. https://www.propublica.org/article/facebook-enabled-advertisers-to-reach-jew-haters.¶

Aradau, Claudia, and Tobias Blanke. 2017. “Politics of Prediction: Security and the Time/Space of Governmentality in the Age of Big Data.” European Journal of Social Theory 20 (3): 373–91. https://doi.org/10.1177/1368431016667623.¶

Archer, Margaret S. 1982. “Morphogenesis versus Structuration: On Combining Structure and Action.” The British Journal of Sociology 33 (4): 455–83. https://doi.org/10.2307/589357.¶

Arendt, Hannah. 2017. Artifacts of Thinking: Reading Hannah Arendt’s Denktagebuch. Edited by Ian Storey. New York, NY: Fordham University Press.¶

Austin, John L. 1975. How to Do Things with Words: Second Edition. Edited by James O. Urmson and Marina Sbisa. Revised. Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press.¶

Bakshy, Eytan, Solomon Messing, and Lada A. Adamic. 2015. “Exposure to Ideologically Diverse News and Opinion on Facebook.” Science 348 (6239): 1130–32. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aaa1160.¶

Barber, Benjamin R. 1988. The Conquest of Politics: Liberal Philosophy in Democratic Times. Princeton, N.J: Princeton University Press.¶

Barlow, John Perry. 2016. “A Declaration of the Independence of Cyberspace.” Electronic Frontier Foundation. January 20, 2016. https://www.eff.org/de/cyberspace-independence.¶

Barocas, Solon, and Andrew D. Selbst. 2016. “Big Data’s Disparate Impact.” California Law Review 104: 671.¶

Barry, Andrew. 2001. Political Machines: Governing a Technological Society. New York: Athlone Press.¶

Bauman, Zygmunt. 2000. Globalization: The Human Consequences. Revised. New York: Columbia University Press.¶

Beam, Michael A., and Gerald M. Kosicki. 2014. “Personalized News Portals: Filtering Systems and Increased News Exposure.” Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly 91 (1): 59–77. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077699013514411.¶

Bechmann, Anja, and Geoffrey C Bowker. 2019. “Unsupervised by Any Other Name: Hidden Layers of Knowledge Production in Artificial Intelligence on Social Media.” Big Data & Society 6 (1): 2053951718819569. https://doi.org/10.1177/2053951718819569.¶

Beck, Ulrich. 1992. Risk Society: Towards a New Modernity. London: SAGE Publications.¶

Becker, Howard S. 1997. Outsiders: Studies in Sociology of Deviance. New York: Free Press.¶

Beer, David. 2009. “Power through the Algorithm? Participatory Web Cultures and the Technological Unconscious.” New Media & Society 11 (6): 985–1002. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444809336551.¶

———. 2015. “Productive Measures: Culture and Measurement in the Context of Everyday Neoliberalism.” Big Data & Society 2 (1): 2053951715578951. https://doi.org/10.1177/2053951715578951.¶

———. 2017. “The Social Power of Algorithms.” Information, Communication & Society 20 (1): 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2016.1216147.¶

Benjamin, Ruha. 2019. Race After Technology: Abolitionist Tools for the New Jim Code. Medford, MA: Polity.¶

Bennett, James. 2018. “Public Service Algorithms.” In A Future for Public Service Television, edited by Des Freedman and Vana Goblot, 91–101. London: Goldsmiths Press.¶

Berg, Sebastian, & Hofmann, Jeanette. 2021. “Digital democracy.“ Internet Policy Review 10(4). https://policyreview.info/articles/analysis/digital-democracy¶

Berger, Peter L., and Thomas Luckmann. 1967. The Social Construction of Reality: A Treatise in the Sociology of Knowledge. New York: Anchor.¶

Berry, David. 2011. “The Computational Turn: Thinking about the Digital Humanities.” Culture Machine 12.¶

Beverungen, Armin, Timon Beyes, and Lisa Conrad. 2019. “The Organizational Powers of (Digital) Media:” Organization 26 (5): 621–35. https://doi.org/10.1177/1350508419867206.¶

Bimber, Bruce. 2003. Information and American Democracy: Technology in the Evolution of Political Power. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.¶

Bishop, Sophie. 2019. “Managing Visibility on YouTube through Algorithmic Gossip.” New Media & Society 21 (11–12): 2589–2606. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444819854731.¶

Blumer, Herbert. 1954. “What is Wrong with Social Theory?” American Sociological Review 19 (1): 3–10. https://doi.org/10.2307/2088165¶

———. 1986. Symbolic Interactionism: Perspective and Method. Berkeley, Los Angeles, London: University of California Press.¶

Bodó, Balázs, Natali Helberger, Sarah Eskens, and Judith Möller. 2019. “Interested in Diversity.” Digital Journalism 7 (2): 206–29. https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2018.1521292.¶

Bogard, William. 2006. “Welcome to the Society of Control: The Simulation of Surveillance Revisited.” In The New Politics of Surveillance and Visibility, edited by Kevin D. Haggerty and Richard V. Ericson, 55–78. Toronto, Buffalo, London: University of Toronto Press.¶

Bourdieu, Pierre. 1984. Distinction: A Social Critique of the Judgement of Taste. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press.¶

Bowker, Geoffrey C. 2006. Memory Practices in the Sciences. Cambridge, Massachusetts: The Mit Press Ltd.¶

———. 2014. “Big Data, Big Questions| The Theory/Data Thing.” International Journal of Communication 8 (2043): 1795–99.¶

Bowker, Geoffrey C, and Susan Leigh Star. 2000. Sorting Things out: Classification and Its Consequences. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press.¶

boyd, danah. 2010. “Social Network Sites as Networked Publics: Affordances, Dynamics, and Implications.” In Networked Self: Identity, Community, and Culture on Social Network Sites, 39–58. New York, Oxon: Taylor & Francis.¶

boyd, danah, and Kate Crawford. 2012. “Critical Questions for Big Data.” Information, Communication & Society 15 (5): 662–79. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2012.678878.¶

Bozdag, Engin. 2013. “Bias in Algorithmic Filtering and Personalization.” Ethics and Information Technology 15 (3): 209–27. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10676-013-9321-6.¶

Breeman, J.M., V.E. Breeman, and Natali Helberger. 2011. “On the Regulator’s Plate: Exposure Diversity in a Changing Media Environment: Workshop Report and Highlights of an Expert Discussion.” Journal of Information Policy 1: 370–77. https://doi.org/10.5325/jinfopoli.1.2011.0370.¶

Bucher, Taina. 2012. “Want to Be on the Top? Algorithmic Power and the Threat of Invisibility on Facebook.” New Media & Society 14 (7): 1164–80. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444812440159.¶

———. 2016. “Neither Black Nor Box: Ways of Knowing Algorithms.” In Innovative Methods in Media and Communication Research, edited by Sebastian Kubitschko and Anne Kaun, 81–98. Cham: Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-40700-5_5.¶

Burke, Adam. 2019. “Occluded Algorithms.” Big Data & Society 6 (2): 2053951719858743. https://doi.org/10.1177/2053951719858743.¶

Burrell, Jenna. 2016. “How the Machine ‘Thinks’: Understanding Opacity in Machine Learning Algorithms.” Big Data & Society 3 (1): 2053951715622512. https://doi.org/10.1177/2053951715622512.¶

Burri, Mira. 2015. “Contemplating a ’Public Service Navigator’: In Search of New (and Better) Functioning Public Service Media.” International Journal of Communication 9: 1341–59.¶

———. 2016. “Nudging as a Tool of Media Policy.” In Nudging - Possibilities, Limitations and Applications in European Law and Economics, edited by Klaus Mathis and Avishalom Tor, 315–41. Cham: Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-29562-6_16.¶

Butler, Judith. 1997. Excitable Speech: A Politics of the Performative. New York: Routledge.¶

Callon, Michel. 1986. “The Sociology of an Actor-Network: The Case of the Electric Vehicle.” In Mapping the Dynamics of Science and Technology: Sociology of Science in the Real World, edited by Michel Callon, John Law, and Arie Rip, 19–34. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-07408-2_2.¶

———. 1987. “Society in the Making: The Study of Technology as a Tool for Sociological Analysis.” In The Social Construction of Technological Systems: New Directions in the Sociology and History of Technology, edited by Wiebe E. Bijker, Thomas P. Hughes, and Trevor J. Pinch, 83–103. Cambridge, MA; London, England: MIT Press.¶

———. 2004. “Europe Wrestling with Technology.” Economy and Society 33 (1): 121–34. https://doi.org/10.1080/0308514042000176766.¶

Callon, Michel, and Bruno Latour. 1981. “Unscrewing the Big Leviathan: How Actors Macro-Structure Reality and How Sociologists Help Them to Do So.” In Advances in Social Theory and Methodology: Toward an Integration of Microand Macro-Sociologies, edited by Karin Knorr-Cetina and Aaron V. Cicourel, 277–303. Boston: Routledge & Kegan Paul. https://kops.uni-konstanz.de/handle/123456789/11424.¶

Callon, Michel, and Fabian Muniesa. 2005. “Peripheral Vision: Economic Markets as Calculative Collective Devices.” Organization Studies 26 (8): 1229–50. https://doi.org/10.1177/0170840605056393.¶

Campbell-Verduyn, Malcolm, Marcel Goguen, and Tony Porter. 2017. “Big Data and Algorithmic Governance: The Case of Financial Practices.” New Political Economy 22 (2): 219–36. https://doi.org/10.1080/13563467.2016.1216533.¶

Cantador, Iván, Alejandro Bellogín, and David Vallet. 2010. “Content-Based Recommendation in Social Tagging Systems.” In Proceedings of the Fourth ACM Conference on Recommender Systems, 237–40. RecSys ’10. Barcelona, Spain: Association for Computing Machinery. https://doi.org/10.1145/1864708.1864756.¶

Caswell, David. 2019. “Structured Journalism and the Semantic Units of News.” Digital Journalism 7 (8): 1134–56. https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2019.1651665.¶

Cheney-Lippold, John. 2011. “A New Algorithmic Identity Soft Biopolitics and the Modulation of Control.” Theory, Culture & Society 28 (6): 164–81. https://doi.org/10.1177/0263276411424420.¶

———. 2016. “Jus Algoritmi: How the National Security Agency Remade Citizenship.” International Journal of Communication 10 (March): 1721–42.¶

———. 2017. We Are Data: Algorithms and The Making of Our Digital Selves. New York: NYU Press.¶

Chun, Wendy Hui Kyong. 2008. “On ‘Sourcery,’ or Code as Fetish.” Configurations 16 (3): 299–324. https://doi.org/10.1353/con.0.0064.¶

Clark, David. 1992. “A Cloudy Crystal Ball: Visions of the Future.” Plenary presentation at 24th meeting of the Internet Engineering Task Force, Cambridge, Mass., 13-17 July 1992. https://groups.csail.mit.edu/ana/People/DDC/future_ietf_92.pdf(Accessed:28.8.2023)¶

Clifford, James. 1986. “Introduction: Partial Truths.” In Writing Culture: The Poetics and Politics of Ethnography : A School of American Research Advanced Seminar, edited by James Clifford and George E. Marcus, 1–26. Berkeley, Los Angeles, London: University of California Press.¶

Coletta, Claudio, and Rob Kitchin. 2017. “Algorhythmic Governance: Regulating the ‘Heartbeat’ of a City Using the Internet of Things.” Big Data & Society 4 (2): 2053951717742418. https://doi.org/10.1177/2053951717742418.¶

Comte, Auguste. (1851) 2014. Systeme de Politique Positive; Ou, Traite de Sociologie, Instituant La Religion de L’Humanite Volume 01 - Primary Source Edition. Paris: Nabu Press.¶

Cooper, Roger, and Tang Tang. 2009. “Predicting Audience Exposure to Television in Today’s Media Environment: An Empirical Integration of Active-Audience and Structural Theories.” Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media 53 (3): 400–418. https://doi.org/10.1080/08838150903102204.¶

Cooper, Rosalind. 2020. “Pastoral Power and Algorithmic Governmentality.” Theory, Culture & Society 37 (1): 29–52. https://doi.org/10.1177/0263276419860576.¶

Cormen, Thomas H., Charles E. Leiserson, Ronald L. Rivest, and Clifford Stein. 2013. Introduction to Algorithms. 3rd edition. Cambridge, Mass: The MIT Press.¶

Cotter, Kelley. 2019. “Playing the Visibility Game: How Digital Influencers and Algorithms Negotiate Influence on Instagram.” New Media & Society 21 (4): 895–913. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444818815684.¶

Couldry, Nick, and Ulises A. Mejias. 2019. “Data Colonialism: Rethinking Big Data’s Relation to the Contemporary Subject.” Television & New Media 20 (4): 336–49. https://doi.org/10.1177/1527476418796632.¶

Council of Europe. 2007. “Recommendation CM/ Rec (2007) 3 of the Committee of Ministers to Member States on the Remit of Public Service Media in the Information Society.” Council of Europe.¶

Courtois, Cédric, Laura Slechten, and Lennert Coenen. 2018. “Challenging Google Search Filter Bubbles in Social and Political Information: Disconforming Evidence from a Digital Methods Case Study.” Telematics and Informatics 35 (7): 2006–15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tele.2018.07.004.¶

Cox, Geoff, and Alex McLean. 2012. Speaking Code: Coding as Aesthetic and Political Expression. Cambridge, Massachusetts: The MIT Press.¶

Crawford, Kate. 2016. “Can an Algorithm Be Agonistic? Ten Scenes from Life in Calculated Publics.” Science, Technology, & Human Values 41 (1): 77–92. https://doi.org/10.1177/0162243915589635.¶

Crouch, Colin. 2004. Post-Democracy. Malden, MA: Polity.¶

Curchod, Corentin, Gerardo Patriotta, Laurie Cohen, and Nicolas Neysen. 2020. “Working for an Algorithm: Power Asymmetries and Agency in Online Work Settings.” Administrative Science Quarterly 65 (3): 644–76. https://doi.org/10.1177/0001839219867024.¶

Custers, Bart, Toon Calders, Bart Schermer, and Tal Zarsky. 2013. Discrimination and Privacy in the Information Society Data Mining and Profiling in Large Databases. Berlin; Heidelberg: Springer.¶

Danaher, John. 2016. “The Threat of Algocracy: Reality, Resistance and Accommodation.” Philosophy & Technology 29 (3): 245–68. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13347-015-0211-1.¶

Danna, Anthony, and Oscar H. Gandy. 2002. “All That Glitters Is Not Gold: Digging Beneath the Surface of Data Mining.” Journal of Business Ethics 40 (4): 373–86. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1020845814009.¶

Daston, Lorraine. 2010. “The Rule of Rules, or How Reason Became Rationality.” Wissenschaftskolleg zu Berlin, November 12. https://vimeo.com/18497646.¶

Daston, Lorraine J., and Peter Galison. 2010. Objectivity. New York; Cambridge, Mass.: Zone Books.¶

Dawe, Alan. 1970. “The Two Sociologies.” The British Journal of Sociology 21 (2): 207–18. https://doi.org/10.2307/588409.¶

———. 1978. “Theories of Social Action.” In A History of Sociological Analysis, edited by T. B. Bottomore and Robert A. Nisbet, 362–417. New York: Basic Books.¶

Deleuze, Gilles. 1992. “Postscript on the Societies of Control.” October 59: 3–7.¶

Desai, Deven R., and Joshua A. Kroll. 2017. “Trust but Verify: A Guide to Algorithms and the Law.” Harvard Journal of Law & Technology 31: 1–64.¶

Dewey, John. (1927) 2006. The Public & Its Problems. Athens: Combined Academic Publ.¶

Diakopoulos, Nicholas. 2019. “Towards a Design Orientation on Algorithms and Automation in News Production.” Digital Journalism 7 (8): 1180–84. https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2019.1682938.¶

———. 2020. “Computational News Discovery: Towards Design Considerations for Editorial Orientation Algorithms in Journalism.” Digital Journalism 8 (7): 945–67. https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2020.1736946.¶

Diakopoulos, Nicholas, and Michael Koliska. 2017. “Algorithmic Transparency in the News Media.” Digital Journalism 5 (7): 809–28. https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2016.1208053.¶

D’Ignazio, Catherine, and Lauren F. Klein. 2020. Data Feminism. MIT Press.¶

Dörr, Dieter, Bernd Holznagel, and Arnold Picot. 2016. Legitimation Und Auftrag Des Öffentlich-Rechtlichen Fernsehens in Zeiten Der Cloud. Studien Zum Deutschen Und Europäischen Medienrech 62. Frankfurt a.M: PL Academic Research. https://www.tlm.de/fileadmin/user_upload/Infothek/Veranstaltungen/data.pdf.¶

Dourish, Paul. 2016. “Algorithms and Their Others: Algorithmic Culture in Context.” Big Data & Society 3 (2): 2053951716665128. https://doi.org/10.1177/2053951716665128.¶

———. 2017. The Stuff of Bits: An Essay on the Materialities of Information. Cambridge, Massachusetts: The MIT Press.¶

Draude, Claude, Goda Klumbyte, Phillip Lücking, and Pat Treusch. 2019. “Situated Algorithms: A Sociotechnical Systemic Approach to Bias.” Online Information Review 44 (2): 325–42. https://doi.org/10.1108/OIR-10-2018-0332.¶

Drew, Paul, and John Heritage. 1992. Talk at Work: Interaction in Institutional Settings. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.¶

Durkheim, Emile. (1895) 1982. Rules of Sociological Method. New York: Free Press.¶

———. (1893) 2014. The Division of Labor in Society. Translated by W. D. Halls. Simon and Schuster.¶

Eberle, Thomas. 2008. “Phänomenologie und Ethnomethodologie.” In Phänomenologie und Soziologie: Theoretische Positionen, aktuelle Problemfelder und empirische Umsetzungen, edited by Jürgen Raab, Michaela Pfadenhauer, Peter Stegmaier, Jochen Dreher, and Bernt Schnettler, 151–61. Wiesbaden: Springer-Verlag.¶

Edwards, Lilian., and Michael. Veale. 2018. “Enslaving the Algorithm: From a ‘Right to an Explanation’ to a ‘Right to Better Decisions’?” IEEE Security Privacy 16 (3): 46–54. https://doi.org/10.1109/MSP.2018.2701152.¶

Eisenstadt, Shmuel N., and Miriam Curelaru. 1976. The Form of Sociology: Paradigms and Crises. New York: John Wiley & Sons Inc.¶

Elias, Norbert. 1978. What Is Sociology? London: Columbia University Press.¶

———. 1991. The Society of Individuals. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.¶

———. (1939) 2000. The Civilizing Process: Sociogenetic and Psychogenetic Investigations. Translated by Edmund Jephcott. Revised edition. Oxford ; Malden, Mass: Blackwell Publishing.¶

Emirbayer, Mustafa, and Douglas W. Maynard. 2011. “Pragmatism and Ethnomethodology.” Qualitative Sociology 34 (1): 221–61. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11133-010-9183-8.¶

Englert, Gianna. 2016. “Liberty and Industry: John Locke, John Stuart Mill, and the Economic Foundations of Political Membership.” Polity 48 (4): 551–79. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41279-016-0002-8.¶

Ensmenger, Nathan. 2012. “Is Chess the Drosophila of Artificial Intelligence? A Social History of an Algorithm.” Social Studies of Science 42 (1): 5–30. https://doi.org/10.1177/0306312711424596.¶

Eppler, Martin J., and Jeanne Mengis. 2004. “The Concept of Information Overload: A Review of Literature from Organization Science, Accounting, Marketing, MIS, and Related Disciplines.” The Information Society 20 (5): 325–44. https://doi.org/10.1080/01972240490507974.¶

Erwin, Sean. 2015. “Living by Algorithm: Smart Surveillance and the Society of Control.” Humanities and Technology Review 34: 28–69.¶

Eubanks, Virginia. 2018. Automating Inequality: How High-Tech Tools Profile, Police, and Punish the Poor. New York: St. Martin’s Press.¶

Fisher, Eran, and Yoav Mehozay. 2019. “How Algorithms See Their Audience: Media Epistemes and the Changing Conception of the Individual.” Media, Culture & Society 41 (8): 1176–91. https://doi.org/10.1177/0163443719831598.¶

Fleck, Ludwig. (1935) 1981. Entstehung Und Entwicklung Einer Wissenschaftlichen Tatsache. Einführung in Die Lehre Vom Denkstil Und Denkkollektiv. Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp.¶

Forsythe, Diana E. 1993. “Engineering Knowledge: The Construction of Knowledge in Artificial Intelligence.” Social Studies of Science 23 (3): 445–77. https://doi.org/10.1177/0306312793023003002.¶

Foucault, Michel. 1971. L’ordre du discours: Leçon inaugurale au Collège de France prononcée le 2 décembre 1970. Paris: Gallimard.¶

———. 1979. The Will to Knowledge, The History of Sexuality: Volume 1. Translated by Robert Hurley. Penguin UK.¶

———. 1991. “Governmentality.” In The Foucault Effect: Studies in Governmentality, 87–104. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.¶

———. (1975) 1995. Discipline & Punish: The Birth of the Prison. Translated by Alan Sheridan. 2nd edition. New York: Vintage Books.¶

———. (1976) 2003. Society Must Be Defended. Lectures at the Collège de France, 1975-76. Translated by David Macey. New York: Picador.¶

———. (1979) 2008. The Birth of Biopolitics: Lectures at the Collège de France, 1978-1979: Lectures at the College De France, 1978-1979. Edited by Arnold I. Davidson. Translated by Graham Burchell. 2008 edition. New York, NY: Palgrave Macmillan.¶

———. (1978) 2009. Security, Territory, Population: Lectures at the Collège de France 1977--1978. Edited by Michel Senellart. Translated by Graham Burchell. 1st ed. New York, NY: PICADOR.¶

———. 2016. On the Government of the Living: Lectures at the Collège de France, 1979-1980. Edited by Arnold I. Davidson. Translated by Graham Burchell. New York: Picador.¶

Friedman, Batya, and Helen Nissenbaum. 1996. “Bias in Computer Systems.” ACM Transactions on Information Systems 14 (3): 330–47. https://doi.org/10.1145/230538.230561.¶

Fuchs, Christian. 2012a. “Capitalism or Information Society? The Fundamental Question of the Present Structure of Society.” European Journal of Social Theory 16 (4): 413–34. https://doi.org/10.1177/1368431012461432.¶

———. 2012b. Foundations of Critical Media and Information Studies. London; New York: Routledge.¶

———. 2019. Rereading Marx in the Age of Digital Capitalism. London: Pluto Press.¶

———. 2020. Communication and Capitalism: A Critical Theory. London: University of Westminster Press.¶

Galloway, Alexander R. 2004. Protocol: How Control Exists after Decentralization. Leonardo. Cambridge, Mass: MIT Press.¶

———. 2006. “Language Wants To Be Overlooked: On Software and Ideology.” Journal of Visual Culture 5 (3): 315–31. https://doi.org/10.1177/1470412906070519.¶

Gandy, Oscar, and Lemi Baruh. 2006. “Racial Profiling: They Said It Was Against the Law!” University of Ottawa Law & Technology Journal 3 (1): 279–327.¶

Garfinkel, Harold. 1984. Studies in Ethnomethodology. Cambridge, UK: Polity Press.¶

———. 2002. Ethnomethodology’s Program: Working Out Durkheim’s Aphorism. Edited by Anne Warfield Rawls. Lanham, Boulder, New York, Toronto, Oxford: Rowman & Littlefield.¶

———. 2006. Seeing Sociologically: The Routine Grounds of Social Action. Boulder, Colo: Paradigm Publishers.¶

Garfinkel, Harold, and D. Lawrence Wieder. 1992. “Two Incommensurable, Asymmetrically Alternate Technologies of Social Analysis.” In Text in Context. Contributions to Ethnomethodology, edited by Graham Watson and Robert M. Seiler, 175–206. Newbury Park, London, New Delhi: SAGE Publications.¶

Geertz, Clifford. 1973. The Interpretation Of Cultures. New York: Basic Books.¶

Geiger, R Stuart. 2017. “Beyond Opening up the Black Box: Investigating the Role of Algorithmic Systems in Wikipedian Organizational Culture.” Big Data & Society 4 (2): 2053951717730735. https://doi.org/10.1177/2053951717730735.¶

Gerlitz, Carolin, and Celia Lury. 2014. “Social Media and Self-Evaluating Assemblages: On Numbers, Orderings and Values.” Distinktion: Journal of Social Theory 15 (2): 174–88. https://doi.org/10.1080/1600910X.2014.920267.¶

Giddens, A. 1984. The Constitution of Society: Outline of the Theory of Structuration. Outline of the Theory of Structuration. Cambridge: Polity Press..¶

Gilbert, Andrew Simon. 2018. “Algorithmic Culture and the Colonization of Life-Worlds.” Thesis Eleven 146 (1): 87–96. https://doi.org/10.1177/0725513618776699.¶

Gillespie, Tarleton. 2014. “The Relevance of Algorithms.” In Media Technologies. Essays on Communication, Materiality, and Society, edited by Tarleton Gillespie, Pablo J. Boczkowski, and Kirsten A. Foot, 167–94. Cambridge, London: MIT Press.¶

———. 2017. “Algorithmically Recognizable: Santorum’s Google Problem, and Google’s Santorum Problem.” Information, Communication & Society 20 (1): 63–80. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2016.1199721.¶

———. 2018. Custodians of the Internet: Platforms, Content Moderation, and the Hidden Decisions That Shape Social Media. Yale University Press.¶

Gilpin, Leilani H., David Bau, Ben Z. Yuan, Ayesha Bajwa, Michael Specter, and Lalana Kagal. 2018. “Explaining Explanations: An Overview of Interpretability of Machine Learning.” In 2018 IEEE 5th International Conference on Data Science and Advanced Analytics (DSAA), 80–89. https://doi.org/10.1109/DSAA.2018.00018.¶

Girtler, Roland. 2003. Randkulturen: Theorie der Unanständigkeit. 3. Edition. Wien: Böhlau Wien.¶

———. 2004. Der Strich: Soziologie eines Milieus. Vienna, Berlin: LIT.¶

Gitelman, Lisa, ed. 2013. “Raw Data” Is an Oxymoron. Cambridge, Massachusetts: The MIT Press.¶

Goodwin, Charles. 2000. “Action and Embodiment within Situated Human Interaction.” Journal of Pragmatics 32 (10): 1489–1522. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-2166(99)00096-X.¶

Graham, Stephen. 2005. “Software-Sorted Geographies.” Progress in Human Geography 29 (5): 562–80. https://doi.org/10.1191/0309132505ph568oa.¶

Graham, Stephen, and Simon Marvin. 2001. Splintering Urbanism: Networked Infrastructures, Technological Mobilities and the Urban Condition: Networked Infrastructures, Technological Mobilites and the Urban Condition. London , New York: Routledge Chapman & Hall.¶

Grassmuck, Volker. 2014a. “Kollisionen Und Konvergenz.” Politik Und Kultur. Dossier: Der Öffentliche Rundfunk, 20–21.¶

———. 2014b. “Von Daseinsfürsorge Zu Public Value: Für Einen Neuen Gesellschaftsvertrag Über Unsere Mediale Umwelt (From Daseinsfuersorge to Public Value: For a New Social Contract on Our Media Environment).” In Überwiegend Neuland. Zwischenbilanzen Der Wissenschaft Zur Gestaltung Der Informationsgesellschaft, edited by Dieter Klumpp, Klaus Lenk, and Günter Koch, 77–108. Berlin: edition sigma.¶

Greimas, Algirdas Julien. 1983. Structural Semantics: An Attempt at a Method. University of Nebraska Press.¶

Habermas, Jürgen. 1989. Theory of Communicative Action, Volume 2: Lifeworld and Systems, a Critique of Functionalist Reason. Cambridge: Polity.¶

———. 1991. “The Public Sphere.” In Rethinking Popular Culture. Contemporary Perspectives in Cultural Studies. edited by Chandra Mukerji and Michael Schudson, 398–404. Berkeley: University of California Press.¶

———. 1997. Between Facts and Norms: Contributions to a Discourse Theory of Law and Democracy. Blackwell Publishers.¶

Hacking, Ian. 1990. The Taming of Chance. Cambridge, New York: Cambridge University Press.¶

Hagen, Wolfgang. 2013. “Die Verfassung, Der Rundfunk Und Das Netz. 14 Lemmatische Skizzen.” In Rundfunkpolitik Und Netzpolitik. Strukturwandel Der Medienpolitk in Deutschland., edited by Lutz Hachmeister and Dieter Anschlag, 266–82. Köln: Halem.¶

Haggerty, Kevin D., and Richard V. Ericson. 2000. “The Surveillant Assemblage.” The British Journal of Sociology 51 (4): 605–22. https://doi.org/10.1080/00071310020015280.¶

Halavais, Alexander. 2017. Search Engine Society. 2nd ed. Cambridge, UK ; Medford, MA: Polity.¶

Hallinan, Blake, and Ted Striphas. 2016. “Recommended for You: The Netflix Prize and the Production of Algorithmic Culture.” New Media & Society 18 (1): 117–37. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444814538646.¶

Hammersley, Martyn, and Paul Atkinson. 2019. Ethnography: Principles in Practice. 4. Edition. New York: Routledge.¶

Haraway, Donna. 1988. “Situated Knowledges: The Science Question in Feminism and the Privilege of Partial Perspective.” Feminist Studies 14 (3): 575–99. https://doi.org/10.2307/3178066.¶

Hargittai, Eszter. 2000. “Open Portals or Closed Gates? Channeling Content on the World Wide Web.” Poetics 27 (4): 233–53. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-422X(00)00006-1.¶

Harkens, Adam. 2018. “The Ghost in the Legal Machine: Algorithmic Governmentality, Economy, and the Practice of Law.” Journal of Information, Communication and Ethics in Society 16 (1): 16–31. https://doi.org/10.1108/JICES-09-2016-0038.¶

Hayles, Nancy Katherine. 1999. How We Became Posthuman: Virtual Bodies in Cybernetics, Literature, and Informatics. 74th ed. Chicago, Ill: University of Chicago Press.¶

———. 2005. My Mother Was a Computer: Digital Subjects and Literary Texts. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.¶

Helberger, Natali. 2011. “Diversity by Design.” Journal of Information Policy 1: 441–69. https://doi.org/10.5325/jinfopoli.1.2011.0441.¶

———. 2015. “Public Service Media| Merely Facilitating or Actively Stimulating Diverse Media Choices? Public Service Media at the Crossroad.” International Journal of Communication 9: 1324–40.¶

———. 2018. “Challenging Diversity—Social Media Platforms and a New Conception of Media Diversity.” In Digital Dominance: The Power of Google, Amazon, Facebook, and Apple, edited by Martin Moore and Damian Tambini, 153–75. New York: Oxford University Press.¶

———. 2019. “On the Democratic Role of News Recommenders.” Digital Journalism 7 (8): 993–1012. https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2019.1623700.¶

Helberger, Natali, Kari Karppinen, and Lucia D’Acunto. 2018. “Exposure Diversity as a Design Principle for Recommender Systems.” Information, Communication & Society 21 (2): 191–207. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2016.1271900.¶

Helbing, Dirk. 2015. The Automation of Society Is Next: How to Survive the Digital Revolution. North Charleston, SC: CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform.¶

Helbing, Dirk, Bruno S. Frey, Gerd Gigerenzer, Ernst Hafen, Michael Hagner, Yvonne Hofstetter, Jeroen van den Hoven, Roberto V. Zicari, and Andrej Zwitter. 2017. “Will Democracy Survive Big Data and Artificial Intelligence?” Scientific American. February 25, 2017. https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/will-democracy-survive-big-data-and-artificial-intelligence/.¶

Hoffmann, Anna Lauren. 2019. “Where Fairness Fails: Data, Algorithms, and the Limits of Antidiscrimination Discourse.” Information, Communication & Society 22 (7): 900–915. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2019.1573912.¶

Honer, Anne, and Ronald Hitzler. 2015. “Life-World-Analytical Ethnography: A Phenomenology-Based Research Approach.” Journal of Contemporary Ethnography 44 (5): 544–62. https://doi.org/10.1177/0891241615588589.¶

Hu, Yifan, Yehuda Koren, and Chris Volinsky. 2008. “Collaborative Filtering for Implicit Feedback Datasets.” In 2008 Eighth IEEE International Conference on Data Mining, 263–72. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICDM.2008.22.¶

Huckfeldt, Robert, Paul E. Johnson, and John Sprague. 2002. “Political Environments, Political Dynamics, and the Survival of Disagreement.” Journal of Politics 64 (1): 1–21. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-2508.00115.¶

Humphreys, Laud. 1976. Tearoom Trade: Impersonal Sex in Public Places. Chicago, Ill: Routledge.¶

Hunt, Robert, and Fenwick McKelvey. 2019. “Algorithmic Regulation in Media and Cultural Policy: A Framework to Evaluate Barriers to Accountability.” Journal of Information Policy 9: 307–35. https://doi.org/10.5325/jinfopoli.9.2019.0307.¶

Introna, Lucas D. 2016. “Algorithms, Governance, and Governmentality: On Governing Academic Writing.” Science, Technology, & Human Values 41 (1): 17–49. https://doi.org/10.1177/0162243915587360.¶

Introna, Lucas D., and Helen Nissenbaum. 2000. “Shaping the Web: Why the Politics of Search Engines Matters.” The Information Society 16 (3): 169–85. https://doi.org/10.1080/01972240050133634.¶

Itō, Mizuko. 2008. “Introduction.” In Networked Publics, edited by Kazys Varnelis, 1–14. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.¶

Jamieson, Kathleen Hall, and Joseph N. Cappella. 2008. Echo Chamber: Rush Limbaugh and the Conservative Media Establishment. Oxford University Press.¶

Janssen, Marijn, and George Kuk. 2016. “The Challenges and Limits of Big Data Algorithms in Technocratic Governance.” Government Information Quarterly, Open and Smart Governments: Strategies, Tools, and Experiences, 33 (3): 371–77. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.giq.2016.08.011.¶

Jaton, Florian. 2017. “We Get the Algorithms of Our Ground Truths: Designing Referential Databases in Digital Image Processing.” Social Studies of Science 47 (6): 811–40. https://doi.org/10.1177/0306312717730428.¶

Jauert, Per, and Gregory F. Lowe. 2005. “Public Service Broadcasting for Social and Cultural Citizenship. Renewing the Enlightenment Mission.” In Cultural Dilemmas in Public Service Broadcasting, edited by G. F. Lowe and P. Jauert, 13–33. Gothenburg: Nordicom.¶

Joas, Hans. 1997. The Creativity of Action. Translated by Paul Keast and Jeremy Gaines. Chicago: Univ of Chicago Press.¶

Johnson, J. Scott, and Leslie Paul Thiele. 1991. “Reading Nietzsche and Foucault: A Hermeneutics of Suspicion?” American Political Science Review 85 (2): 581–92. https://doi.org/10.2307/1963177.¶

Johnson, Jim. 1988. “Mixing Humans and Nonhumans Together: The Sociology of a Door-Closer.” Social Problems 35 (3): 298–310. https://doi.org/10.2307/800624.¶

Jones, Rhianne, and Bronwyn Jones. 2019. “Atomising the News: The (In)Flexibility of Structured Journalism.” Digital Journalism 7 (8): 1157–79. https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2019.1609372.¶

Joris, Glen, Frederik De Grove, Kristin Van Damme, and Lieven De Marez. 2020. “News Diversity Reconsidered: A Systematic Literature Review Unraveling the Diversity in Conceptualizations.” Journalism Studies 21 (13): 1893–1912. https://doi.org/10.1080/1461670X.2020.1797527.¶

Just, Natascha, and Michael Latzer. 2017. “Governance by Algorithms: Reality Construction by Algorithmic Selection on the Internet.” Media, Culture & Society 39 (2): 238–58. https://doi.org/10.1177/0163443716643157.¶

Kallis, Aristotle A. 2005. Nazi Propaganda and the Second World War. New York: Springer.¶

Kant, Immanuel. (1781) 2008. The Critique of Pure Reason. Translated by Marcus Weigelt. London: Penguin Books¶

Karppinen, Kari. 2013. Rethinking Media Pluralism. New York: Fordham University Press.¶

Kim, Young Mie. 2016. “Algorithmic Opportunity: Digital Advertising and Inequality in Political Involvement.” The Forum 14 (4): 471–84. https://doi.org/10.1515/for-2016-0034.¶

Kim, Young Mie, Jordan Hsu, David Neiman, Colin Kou, Levi Bankston, Soo Yun Kim, Richard Heinrich, Robyn Baragwanath, and Garvesh Raskutti. 2018. “The Stealth Media? Groups and Targets behind Divisive Issue Campaigns on Facebook.” Political Communication 35 (4): 515–41. https://doi.org/10.1080/10584609.2018.1476425.¶

Kitchin, Rob. 2014. “The Real-Time City? Big Data and Smart Urbanism.” GeoJournal 79 (1): 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10708-013-9516-8.¶

Kittler, Friedrich A. 1990. Discourse Networks 1800/1900. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press.¶

———. 1995. “There Is No Software.” CTheory a35: 147–55.¶

———. 1999. Gramophone, Film, Typewriter. Translated by Geoffrey Winthrop-Young and Michael Wutz. Stanford, Calif: Stanford University Press.¶

Kleinberg, Jon, Sendhil Mullainathan, and Manish Raghavan. 2016. “Inherent Trade-Offs in the Fair Determination of Risk Scores.” ArXiv:1609.05807 [Cs, Stat], September. https://arxiv.org/abs/1609.05807.¶

Knoblauch, Hubert. 2005. “Focused Ethnography.” Forum Qualitative Sozialforschung / Forum: Qualitative Social Research 6 (3). https://doi.org/10.17169/fqs-6.3.20.¶

Knoblauch, Hubert, and Theresa Vollmer. 2019. “Ethnographie.” In Handbuch Methoden der empirischen Sozialforschung, edited by Nina Baur and Jörg Blasius, 599–617. Wiesbaden: Springer Fachmedien. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-21308-4_40.¶

Knorr-Cetina, Karin, Hannes Krämer, and René Salomon. 2019. “Die Ethnomethodologie umzirkeln: Karin Knorr-Cetina im Gespräch mit Hannes Krämer & René Salomon.” Forum Qualitative Sozialforschung / Forum: Qualitative Social Research 20 (2): 30. https://doi.org/10.17169/fqs-20.2.3287.¶

Koliska, Michael, and Nicholas Diakopoulos. 2018. “Disclose, Decode, Demystify. An Empirical Guide to Algorithmic Transparency.” In The Routledge Handbook of Developments in Digital Journalism Studies, edited by Scott Eldridge II and Bob Franklin. Routledge.¶

Koren, Yehuda, Robert Bell, and Chris Volinsky. 2009. “Matrix Factorization Techniques for Recommender Systems.” Computer 42 (8): 30–37. https://doi.org/10.1109/MC.2009.263.¶

Kranzberg, Melvin. 1986. “Technology and History:” Kranzberg’s Laws”.” Technology and Culture 27 (3): 544–60.¶

Kreiss, Daniel, and Shannon McGregor. 2018. “Technology Firms Shape Political Communication: The Work of Microsoft, Facebook, Twitter, and Google With Campaigns During the 2016 U.S. Presidential Cycle.” Political Communication 35 (2): 155–77. https://doi.org/10.1080/10584609.2017.1364814.¶

Kuhn, Thomas S. 1996. Structure of Scientific Revolutions. 3rd ed. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.¶

Laat, Paul B. de. 2019. “The Disciplinary Power of Predictive Algorithms: A Foucauldian Perspective.” Ethics and Information Technology 21 (July): 319–29. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10676-019-09509-y.¶

Lash, Scott. 2007. “Power after Hegemony: Cultural Studies in Mutation?” Theory, Culture & Society 24 (3): 55–78. https://doi.org/10.1177/0263276407075956.¶

Latour, Bruno. 1990. “Technology Is Society Made Durable.” The Sociological Review 38 (S1): 103–31. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-954X.1990.tb03350.x.¶

———. 1992. “Where Are the Missing Masses? The Sociology of a Few Mundane Artifacts.” In Shaping Technology/Building Society, edited by W. E. Bijker and John Law, 151–80. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press.¶

———. 1993a. The Pasteurization of France. Cambridge, Massachusetts, London: Harvard University Press.¶

———. 1993b. We Have Never Been Modern. Cambridge, MA: Prentice Hall / Harvester Wheatsheaf.¶

———. 1994. “On Technical Mediation.” Common Knowledge 3 (2): 29–64.¶

———. 1996. “On Interobjectivity.” Mind, Culture, and Activity 3 (4): 228–45. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327884mca0304_2.¶

———. 1999a. Pandora’s Hope: Essays on the Reality of Science Studies. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.¶

———. 1999b. “On Recalling ANT.” In Actor Network Theory and After, edited by John Law and John Hassard, 15–26. Oxford England ; Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell.¶

———. 2004. “Why Has Critique Run out of Steam? From Matters of Fact to Matters of Concern.” Critical Inquiry 30 (2): 225–48. https://doi.org/10.1086/421123.¶

———. 2005. Reassembling the Social: An Introduction to Actor-Network-Theory. Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press.¶

———. 2009. The Making of Law: An Ethnography of the Conseil d’Etat. Cambridge, UK ; Malden, MA: Polity.¶

———. 2013. An Inquiry into Modes of Existence: An Anthropology of the Moderns. Translated by Catherine Porter. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press.¶

Latour, Bruno, Pablo Jensen, Tommaso Venturini, Sébastian Grauwin, and Dominique Boullier. 2012. “‘The Whole Is Always Smaller than Its Parts’ – a Digital Test of Gabriel Tardes’ Monads.” The British Journal of Sociology 63 (4): 590–615. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-4446.2012.01428.x.¶

Latour, Bruno, and Steve Woolgar. 1986. Laboratory Life: The Construction of Scientific Facts. 2nd ed. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press.¶

Law, John. 1992. “Notes on the Theory of the Actor-Network: Ordering, Strategy, and Heterogeneity.” Systems Practice 5 (4): 379–93.¶

———. 1994. Organizing Modernity: Social Ordering and Social Theory. Cambridge, MA: Wiley-Blackwell.¶

———. 2002. Aircraft Stories: Decentering the Object in Technoscience. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.¶

———. 2004. After Method: Mess in Social Science Research. London ; New York: Routledge Chapman & Hall.¶

Lee, Min Kyung, Daniel Kusbit, Evan Metsky, and Laura Dabbish. 2015. “Working with Machines: The Impact of Algorithmic and Data-Driven Management on Human Workers.” In Proceedings of the 33rd Annual ACM Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, 1603–12. CHI ’15. New York, NY, USA: Association for Computing Machinery. https://doi.org/10.1145/2702123.2702548.¶

Leese, Matthias. 2014. “The New Profiling: Algorithms, Black Boxes, and the Failure of Anti-Discriminatory Safeguards in the European Union.” Security Dialogue 45 (5): 494–511. https://doi.org/10.1177/0967010614544204.¶

Leicht-Deobald, Ulrich, Thorsten Busch, Christoph Schank, Antoinette Weibel, Simon Schafheitle, Isabelle Wildhaber, and Gabriel Kasper. 2019. “The Challenges of Algorithm-Based HR Decision-Making for Personal Integrity.” Journal of Business Ethics 160 (2): 377–92. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-019-04204-w.¶

Lenglet, Marc. 2019. “Algorithmic Finance, Its Regulation, and Deleuzean Jurisprudence: A Few Remarks on a Necessary Paradigm Shift.” Topoi, May. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11245-019-09653-6.¶

Lessig, Lawrence. 1999. Code: And Other Laws Of Cyberspace. New York: Basic Books.¶

———. 2006. Code: Version 2.0. New York: Basic Books.¶

Lindemann, Gesa. 2019. Strukturnotwendige Kritik. Weilerswist: Velbrück Wissenschaft. https://doi.org/10.5771/9783845298887.¶

Liu, Nathan N., Evan W. Xiang, Min Zhao, and Qiang Yang. 2010. “Unifying Explicit and Implicit Feedback for Collaborative Filtering.” In Proceedings of the 19th ACM International Conference on Information and Knowledge Management, 1445–48. CIKM ’10. New York, NY, USA: Association for Computing Machinery. https://doi.org/10.1145/1871437.1871643.¶

Livingston, Eric. 1987. Making Sense of Ethnomethodology. London, New York: Routledge.¶

Loukissas, Yanni Alexander. 2017. “Taking Big Data Apart: Local Readings of Composite Media Collections.” Information, Communication & Society 20 (5): 651–64. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2016.1211722.¶

Luhmann, Niklas. 1996. Social Systems. Translated by John Bednarz Jr and Dirk Baecker. Stanford, Calif: Stanford University Press.¶

———. 1997. Die Gesellschaft der Gesellschaft. Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp.¶

Lury, Celia, and Sophie Day. 2019. “Algorithmic Personalization as a Mode of Individuation.” Theory, Culture & Society 36 (2): 17–37. https://doi.org/10.1177/0263276418818888.¶

Lynch, Michael. 2000. “Against Reflexivity as an Academic Virtue and Source of Privileged Knowledge:” Theory, Culture & Society 17 (3): 26–54. https://doi.org/10.1177/02632760022051202.¶

Lyon, David. 2003. “Surveillance as Social Sorting: Computer Codes and Mobile Bodies.” In Surveillance as Social Sorting: Privacy, Risk, and Digital Discrimination, 13–30. London; New York: Routledge.¶

Lyotard, Jean-Francois. 1984. The Postmodern Condition: A Report on Knowledge. Manchester University Press.¶

Mackenzie, Adrian. 2005. “The Performativity of Code: Software and Cultures of Circulation.” Theory, Culture & Society 22 (1): 71–92. https://doi.org/10.1177/0263276405048436.¶

———. 2006. Cutting Code: Software and Sociality. Peter Lang.¶

———. 2013. “Programming Subjects in the Regime of Anticipation: Software Studies and Subjectivity.” Subjectivity 6 (4): 391–405. https://doi.org/10.1057/sub.2013.12.¶

———. 2015. “The Production of Prediction: What Does Machine Learning Want?” European Journal of Cultural Studies 18 (4–5): 429–45. https://doi.org/10.1177/1367549415577384.¶

———. 2017. Machine Learners: Archaeology of a Data Practice. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press.¶

Mackenzie, Adrian, and Theo Vurdubakis. 2011. “Codes and Codings in Crisis: Signification, Performativity and Excess.” Theory, Culture & Society 28 (6): 3–23. https://doi.org/10.1177/0263276411424761.¶

MacKenzie, Donald. 2006. An Engine, Not a Camera: How Financial Models Shape Markets. Cambridge, Mass: MIT Press.¶

———. 2019. “How Algorithms Interact: Goffman’s ‘Interaction Order’ in Automated Trading.” Theory, Culture & Society 36 (2): 39–59. https://doi.org/10.1177/0263276419829541.¶

Magalhães, João Carlos. 2018. “Do Algorithms Shape Character? Considering Algorithmic Ethical Subjectivation.” Social Media + Society 4 (2): 2056305118768301. https://doi.org/10.1177/2056305118768301.¶

Mager, Astrid. 2012. “ALGORITHMIC IDEOLOGY. How Capitalist Society Shapes Search Engines.” Information, Communication & Society 15 (5): 769–87. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2012.676056.¶

———. 2014. “Defining Algorithmic Ideology: Using Ideology Critique to Scrutinize Corporate Search Engines.” TripleC: Communication, Capitalism & Critique. Open Access Journal for a Global Sustainable Information Society 12 (1): 28–39.¶

Malik, Sarita. 2018. “Diversity: Reflection and Review.” In A Future for Public Service Television, edited by Des Freedman and Vana Goblot, 91–101. London: Goldsmiths Press.¶

Manovich, Lev. 2001. The Language of New Media. Cambridge, Mass: MIT Press.¶

———. 2013a. “There Is Only Software.” In Doing Cultural Studies: The Story of the Sony Walkman edited by Paul du Gay, Stuart Hall, Linda Janes, Anders Koed Madsen, Hugh Mackay, and Keith Negus, 136–38. LA, London, New Delhi, Singapore, Washington DC: Sage.¶

———. 2013b. Software Takes Command. New York ; London: Bloomsbury Academic.¶

Marres, Noortje. 2007. “The Issues Deserve More Credit: Pragmatist Contributions to the Study of Public Involvement in Controversy.” Social Studies of Science 37 (5): 759–80. https://doi.org/10.1177/0306312706077367.¶

———. 2012. Material Participation: Technology, the Environment and Everyday Publics. London: Palgrave Macmillan.¶

———. 2017. Digital Sociology: The Reinvention of Social Research. Malden, MA: John Wiley & Sons.¶

Martin, Kirsten. 2019. “Ethical Implications and Accountability of Algorithms.” Journal of Business Ethics 160 (4): 835–50. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-018-3921-3.¶

Marvin, Carolyn. 1990. When Old Technologies Were New: Thinking About Electric Communication in the Late Nineteenth Century. Oxford ; New York: Oxford University Press.¶

Marx, Karl. (1867) 1990. Capital: A Critique of Political Economy. Volume 1. Translated by Ben Fowkes. London ; New York, N.Y: Penguin Classics.¶

———. (1844) 2010. “Comments on James Mill, Éléments d’economie Politique.” In Collected Works. Vol. 3, Marx and Engels: 1843-44, edited by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, 211–28. Moscow, London: Lawrence & Wishart.¶

Mayer-Schönberger, Viktor, and Thomas Ramge. 2018. Reinventing Capitalism in the Age of Big Data. New York: Basic Books.¶

Maynard, Douglas W., and Steven E. Clayman. 1991. “The Diversity of Ethnomethodology.” Annual Review of Sociology 17 (1): 385–418. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.so.17.080191.002125.¶

Mead, George Herbert. (1934) 1967. Mind, Self, and Society: From The Standpoint Of A Social Behaviorist. Chicago, Ill.; London: University of Chicago Press.¶

Méndez Fernández, Daniel, and Jan-Hendrik Passoth. 2019. “Empirical Software Engineering: From Discipline to Interdiscipline.” Journal of Systems and Software 148 (February): 170–79. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jss.2018.11.019.¶

Meraz, Sharon. 2009. “The Many Faced ‘You’ of Social Media.” In Journalism and Citizenship: New Agendas in Communication, edited by Zizi Papacharissi, 121–47. New York ; London: Routledge.¶

Meteren, Robin Van, and Maarten Van Someren. 2000. “Using Content-Based Filtering for Recommendation.” In Proceedings of ECML 2000 Workshop: Maching Learning in Information Age, 47–56.¶

Milan, Stefania, and Emiliano Treré. 2019. “Big Data from the South(s): Beyond Data Universalism.” Television & New Media 20 (4): 319–35. https://doi.org/10.1177/1527476419837739.¶

Mill, John Stuart. (1861) 2020. Considerations on Representative Government John Stuart Mill: Classic Edition. Independently published.¶

Miller, Peter. 2008. “Calculating Economic Life.” Journal of Cultural Economy 1 (1): 51–64. https://doi.org/10.1080/17530350801913643.¶

Mittelstadt, Brent, Chris Russell, and Sandra Wachter. 2019. “Explaining Explanations in AI.” In Proceedings of the Conference on Fairness, Accountability, and Transparency, 279–88. FAT* ’19. New York, NY, USA: ACM. https://doi.org/10.1145/3287560.3287574.¶

Mol, Annemarie. 2002. The Body Multiple: Ontology in Medical Practice. Durham, London: Duke University Press.¶

Möller, Judith, Damian Trilling, Natali Helberger, and Bram van Es. 2018. “Do Not Blame It on the Algorithm: An Empirical Assessment of Multiple Recommender Systems and Their Impact on Content Diversity.” Information, Communication & Society 21 (7): 959–77. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2018.1444076.¶

Montfort, Nick, Batsy Baudoin, John Bell, Ian Bogost, Jeremy Douglass, Mark C. Marino, Michael Mateas, Casey Reas, Mark Sample, and Noah Vawter. 2012. 10 Print Chr$(205.5+rnd(1)); Goto 10. Cambridge, MA; London, England: MIT Press.¶

Morozov, Evgeny. 2014. To Save Everything, Click Here: Technology, Solutionism, and the Urge to Fix Problems That Don’t Exist. London: Penguin.¶

Morris, Jeremy Wade. 2015. “Curation by Code: Infomediaries and the Data Mining of Taste.” European Journal of Cultural Studies 18 (4–5): 446–63. https://doi.org/10.1177/1367549415577387.¶

Mossberger, Karen, Caroline J. Tolbert, and Ramona S. McNeal. 2007. Digital Citizenship: The Internet, Society, and Participation. MIT Press.¶

Mouffe, Chantal. 2000. “Which Ethics for Democracy?” In The Turn to Ethics, edited by Marjorie Garber, Beatrice Hanssen, and Rebecca L. Walkowitz, 85–94. London; New York: Routledge.¶

———. 2005. On the Political. London ; New York: Routledge.¶

Müller, Peter, and Nikolaus Pöchhacker. 2019. “Algorithmic Risk Assessment als Medium des Rechts.” Österreichische Zeitschrift für Soziologie 44 (1): 157–79. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11614-019-00352-5.¶

Mutz, Diana C. 2006. Hearing the Other Side: Deliberative versus Participatory Democracy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511617201.¶

Mützel, Sophie. 2015. “Facing Big Data: Making sociology relevant.” Big Data & Society 2 (2): 2053951715599179. https://doi.org/10.1177/2053951715599179¶

Mützel, Sophie, Philippe Saner, and Markus Unternährer. 2018. “Schöne Daten! Konstruktion Und Verarbeitung von Digitalen Daten.” In Datengesellschaft: Einsichten in Die Datafizierung Des Sozialen, edited by Daniel Houben and Bianca Prietl, 17:111–32. Bielefeld: transcript Verlag.¶

Napoli, Philip M. 1999. “Deconstructing the Diversity Principle.” Journal of Communication 49 (4): 7–34.¶

Napoli, Philip M. 2011. “Exposure Diversity Reconsidered.” Journal of Information Policy 1: 246–59. https://doi.org/10.5325/jinfopoli.1.2011.0246.¶

Nassehi, Armin. 2019. Muster: Theorie der digitalen Gesellschaft. 3rd ed. München: C.H.Beck.¶

Neuberger, Christoph, and Frank Lobigs. 2010. Die Bedeutung des Internets im Rahmen der Vielfaltssicherung: Gutachten im Auftrag der Kommission zur Ermittlung der Konzentration im Medienbereich (KEK). Vol. 43. Schriftenreihe der Landesmedienanstalten. Berlin: Vistas.¶

Neyland, Daniel. 2015. “On Organizing Algorithms.” Theory, Culture & Society 32 (1): 119–32. https://doi.org/10.1177/0263276414530477.¶

———. 2016. “Bearing Account-Able Witness to the Ethical Algorithmic System.” Science, Technology, & Human Values 41 (1): 50–76. https://doi.org/10.1177/0162243915598056.¶

Neyland, Daniel, and Norma Möllers. 2017. “Algorithmic IF … THEN Rules and the Conditions and Consequences of Power.” Information, Communication & Society 20 (1): 45–62. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2016.1156141.¶

Nissen, Christian S. 2006. “No Public Service without Both Public and Service - Content Provision between the Scylla of Populism and the Charybdis of Elitism.” In Making a Difference: Public Service Broadcasting in the European Media Landscape, edited by Christian S. Nissen, 65–82. Eastleigh, UK : Bloomington, IN: John Libbey Publishing.¶

Nissenbaum, H. 2001. “How Computer Systems Embody Values.” Computer 34 (3): 120–119. https://doi.org/10.1109/2.910905.¶

Noble, Safiya Umoja. 2018. Algorithms of Oppression: How Search Engines Reinforce Racism. New York: New York University Press.¶

Nygren, Katarina Giritli, and Katarina L. Gidlund. 2015. “The Pastoral Power of Technology. Rethinking Alienation in Digital Culture.” In Marx in the Age of Digital Capitalism, edited by Christian Fuchs and Vincent Mosco, 396–412. Leiden ; Boston: BRILL.¶

O’Callaghan, Derek, Derek Greene, Maura Conway, Joe Carthy, and Pádraig Cunningham. 2015. “Down the (White) Rabbit Hole: The Extreme Right and Online Recommender Systems.” Social Science Computer Review 33 (4): 459–78. https://doi.org/10.1177/0894439314555329.¶

O’Donnell, Mike. 2010. Structure and Agency. Four-Volume Set ed. Los Angeles: SAGE Publications Ltd.¶

O’Neil, Cathy. 2016. Weapons of Math Destruction: How Big Data Increases Inequality and Threatens Democracy. New York: Crown.¶

Papacharissi, Zizi. 2010. A Private Sphere: Democracy in a Digital Age (Digital Media and Society). Cambridge: Polity Press.¶

Parikka, Jussi. 2012. What Is Media Archaeology? Cambridge, UK ; Malden, MA: Polity.¶

Parry, Geraint. 1989. “Democracy and Amateurism—the Informed Citizen.” Government and Opposition 24 (4): 489–502.¶

Parsons, Talcott. 1954. Essays in Sociological Theory. Glencoe, Ill.: Free Press.¶

———. 1971. The System of Modern Societies. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.¶

Pasquale, Frank. 2015. The Black Box Society: The Secret Algorithms That Control Money and Information. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.¶

Pasquinelli, Matteo. 2009. “Google’s PageRank: Diagram of the Cognitive Capitalism and the Rentier of the Common Intellect.” In Deep Search: The Politics of Search beyond Google, edited by Konrad Becker and Felix Stalder, 152–62. Innsbruck, Piscataway, N.J.: Studien Verlag, Austria.¶

Paßmann, Johannes, and Asher Boersma. 2017. “Unknowing Algorithms. On Transparency of Un-Openable Black Boxes.” In The Datafied Society. Studying Culture through Data, edited by Karin van Es and Mirko Tobias Schäfer, 139–46. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press. https://doi.org/10.5117/9789462981362.¶

Passoth, Jan-Hendrik. 2019. “From Hardware to Software to Runtime: The Politics of (at Least) Three Digital Materialities.” In Discussing New Materialism: Methodological Implications for the Study of Materialities, edited by Ulrike Tikvah Kissmann and Joost van Loon, 173–89. Wiesbaden: Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-22300-7_9.¶

———. 2021. Soziologie der Umstände: Entwurf einer symmetrischen Praxistheorie. Bielefeld: transcript.¶

Passoth, Jan-Hendrik, and Werner Rammert. 2019. “Fragmentale Differenzierung Als Gesellschaftsdiagnose.” In Berliner Schlüssel. Arbeiten Mit Werner Rammert, edited by Cornelius Schubert and Ingo Schulz-Schaeffer. Wiesbaden: Springer.¶

Passoth, Jan-Hendrik, and Nicholas J. Rowland. 2010. “Actor-Network State: Integrating Actor-Network Theory and State Theory.” International Sociology 25 (6): 818–41. https://doi.org/10.1177/0268580909351325.¶

Pazzani, Michael J., and Daniel Billsus. 2007. “Content-Based Recommendation Systems.” In The Adaptive Web: Methods and Strategies of Web Personalization, edited by Peter Brusilovsky, Alfred Kobsa, and Wolfgang Nejdl, 325–41. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-72079-9_10.¶

Peirce, Charles S. (1902) 1976. The New Elements of Mathematics, Vol. 4: Mathematical Philosophy. Edited by Carolyn Eisele. The Hague: Mouton Publishers / Humanities Press.¶

———. (1900) 2010. “Logic as Semotic: The Theory of Signs.” In The Philosophy of Peirce: Selected Writings, edited by Justus Buchler, 98–119. London: Routledge.¶

Pfadenhauer, Michaela. 2005. “Ethnography of Scenes. Towards a Sociological Life-World Analysis of (Post-Traditional) Community-Building.” Forum Qualitative Sozialforschung / Forum: Qualitative Social Research 6 (3). https://doi.org/10.17169/fqs-6.3.23.¶

Pingaud, B. 1966. “Jean-Paul Sartre Répond.” L’Aarc 30: 87–96.¶

Pöchhacker, Nikolaus. 2016. “Predictive Policing. Datenbasierte Verbrechensbekämpfung Und Eine Neue Geographie Des Risikos.” GeoAgenda 2016 (4): 13–15.¶

Pöchhacker, Nikolaus, Marcus Burkhardt, Andrea Geipel, and Jan-Hendrik Passoth. 2017. “Interventionen in die Produktion algorithmischer Öffentlichkeiten: Recommender Systeme als Herausforderung für öffentlich-rechtliche Sendeanstalten.” kommunikation @ gesellschaft 18: 25.¶

Poechhacker, Nikolaus, and Severin Kacianka. 2021. “Algorithmic Accountability in Context. Socio-Technical Perspectives on Structural Causal Models.” Frontiers in Big Data 3.¶

Poechhacker, Nikolaus, and Eva-Maria Nyckel. 2020. “Logistics of Probability. Anticipatory Shipping and the Production of Markets.” In Explorations of Digital Cultures., edited by Marcus Burkhardt, K. Grashöfer, M. Shnayien, and B. Westerman. Lüneburg: Meson Press.¶

Porter, Theodore M. 1995. Trust in Numbers. Princeton, N.J: Princeton University Press.¶

Prey, Robert. 2018. “Nothing Personal: Algorithmic Individuation on Music Streaming Platforms.” Media, Culture & Society 40 (7): 1086–1100. https://doi.org/10.1177/0163443717745147.¶

Puschmann, Cornelius. 2019. “Beyond the Bubble: Assessing the Diversity of Political Search Results.” Digital Journalism 7 (6): 824–43. https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2018.1539626.¶

Quattrociocchi, Walter, Antonio Scala, and Cass R. Sunstein. 2016. “Echo Chambers on Facebook.” Harvard Law School Discussion Paper 877: 1–15.¶

Raffetseder, Eva-Maria, Simon Schaupp, and Philipp Staab. 2017. “Kybernetik und Kontrolle: Algorithmische Arbeitssteuerung und betriebliche Herrschaft.” PROKLA. Zeitschrift für kritische Sozialwissenschaft 47 (187): 229–48. https://doi.org/10.32387/prokla.v47i187.143.¶

Ranciere, Jacques. 2005. Disagreement. Translated by Julie Rose. Minneapolis: Univ Of Minnesota Press.¶

Rawls, Anne Warfield. 2009. “An Essay on Two Conceptions of Social Order: Constitutive Orders of Action, Objects and Identities vs Aggregated Orders of Individual Action.” Journal of Classical Sociology 9 (4): 500–520. https://doi.org/10.1177/1468795X09344376.¶

Rawls, John. 2005. Political Liberalism. New York: Columbia University Press.¶

Reith, John Charles Walsham. 1924. Broadcast over Britain. London: Hodder and Stoughton.¶

Renn, Joachim. 2006. Übersetzungsverhältnisse. Perspektiven einer pragmatistischen Gesellschaftstheorie. Weilerswist: Velbrück Wissenschaft.¶

Reviglio, Urbano. 2019. “Serendipity as an Emerging Design Principle of the Infosphere: Challenges and Opportunities.” Ethics and Information Technology 21 (2): 151–66. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10676-018-9496-y.¶

Ribes, David. 2019. “STS, Meet Data Science, Once Again.” Science, Technology, & Human Values 44 (3): 514–39. https://doi.org/10.1177/0162243918798899.¶

Ribes, David, Andrew S Hoffman, Steven C Slota, and Geoffrey C Bowker. 2019. “The Logic of Domains.” Social Studies of Science 49 (3): 281–309. https://doi.org/10.1177/0306312719849709.¶

Ricaurte, Paola. 2019. “Data Epistemologies, The Coloniality of Power, and Resistance.” Television & New Media 20 (4): 350–65. https://doi.org/10.1177/1527476419831640.¶

Ricci, Francesco, Lior Rokach, Bracha Shapira, and Paul B. Kantor, eds. 2011. Recommender Systems Handbook. Springer US. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-85820-3.¶

Rieder, Bernhard. 2017. “Scrutinizing an Algorithmic Technique: The Bayes Classifier as Interested Reading of Reality.” Information, Communication & Society 20 (1): 100–117. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2016.1181195.¶

Rieder, Gernot, and Judith Simon. 2016. “Datatrust: Or, the Political Quest for Numerical Evidence and the Epistemologies of Big Data.” Big Data & Society 3 (1): 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1177/2053951716649398.¶

Roberts, Stephen L. 2019. “Big Data, Algorithmic Governmentality and the Regulation of Pandemic Risk.” European Journal of Risk Regulation 10 (1): 94–115. https://doi.org/10.1017/err.2019.6.¶

Rogers, Richard. 2009. “Post-Demographic Machines.” In Walled Garden, edited by A. Dekker and A. Wolfsberger, 29–39. Amsterdam: Virtueel Platform.¶

Rogers, Richard, Konrad Becker, and Felix Stalder. 2009. “The Googlization Question, and the Inculpable Engine.” In Deep Search: The Politics of Search Engines beyond Google, 173–84. Edision, NJ: Transaction Publishers.¶

Rose, Nikolas. 2012. Powers of Freedom: Reframing Political Thought. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.¶

Rosenblat, Alex. 2018. Uberland: How Algorithms Are Rewriting the Rules of Work. Oakland, California: University of California Press.¶

Rossiter, Ned. 2016. Software, Infrastructure, Labor: A Media Theory of Logistical Nightmares. New York: Routledge.¶

Rouvroy, Antoinette. 2011. “Technology, Virtuality and Utopia: Governmentality in an Age of Autonomic Computing.” In Law, Human Agency and Autonomic Computing. The Philosophy of Law Meets the Philosophy of Technology, 119–40. Abingdon, Oxon; New York: Routledge.¶

———. 2013. “The End(s) of Critique: Data-Behaviourism vs. Due-Process.” In Privacy, Due Process and the Computational Turn: The Philosophy of Law Meets the Philosophy of Technology, edited by Mireille Hildebrandt and Katja De Vries, 1st ed., 143–68. Abingdon, Oxon, England; New York: Taylor & Francis Ltd.¶

Sacks, Harvey. 1984. “Notes on Methodology.” In Structures of Social Action: Studies in Conversation Analysis, edited by John Heritage and Paul Atkinson, 21–27. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.¶

Sadowski, Jathan, and Frank Pasquale. 2015. “The Spectrum of Control: A Social Theory of the Smart City.” First Monday 20 (7). https://firstmonday.org/ojs/index.php/fm/article/view/5903.¶

Sandvig, Christian, Kevin Hamilton, Karrie Karahalios, and Cedric Langbort. 2016. “Automation, Algorithms, and Politics | When the Algorithm Itself Is a Racist: Diagnosing Ethical Harm in the Basic Components of Software.” International Journal of Communication 10 (October): 4972–90.¶

Saussure, Ferdinand de, and Roy Harris. (1916) 1998. Course in General Linguistics. LaSalle, Ill: Open Court.¶

Schmidt, Manfred G. 2010. Demokratietheorien. Eine Einführung. 5th ed. Wiesbaden: VS Verlag Für Sozialwissenschaften.¶

Schumpeter, Joseph A. (1942) 2008. Capitalism, Socialism, and Democracy: Third Edition. New York: Harper Perennial Modern Classics.¶

Schutz, A. 1976. Collected Papers II: Studies in Social Theory. The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff.¶

Schütz, Alfred. (1932) 1993. Der sinnhafte Aufbau der sozialen Welt. Eine Einleitung in die verstehende Soziologie. 6th ed. Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp Verlag.¶

Schütz, Alfred, and Talcott Parsons. 1978. Theory of Social Action: Correspondence of Alfred Schutz and Talcott Parsons. Edited by Richard Grathoff. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.¶

Schwartz, Morris S., and Charlotte Green Schwartz. 1955. “Problems in Participant Observation.” American Journal of Sociology 60 (4): 343–53.¶

Schwarz, Ori. 2019. “Facebook Rules: Structures of Governance in Digital Capitalism and the Control of Generalized Social Capital.” Theory, Culture & Society 36 (4): 117–41. https://doi.org/10.1177/0263276419826249.¶

Scott, J.C. 1998. Seeing Like a State: How Certain Schemes to Improve the Human Condition Have Failed. Series / Institution for Social and Policy Studies at Yale University. Yale University Press.¶

Seaver, Nick. 2012. “Algorithmic Recommendations and Synaptic Functions - EScholarship.” Limn 1 (2). https://escholarship.org/uc/item/7g48p7pb.¶

———. 2017. “Algorithms as Culture: Some Tactics for the Ethnography of Algorithmic Systems.” Big Data & Society 4 (2): 2053951717738104. https://doi.org/10.1177/2053951717738104.¶

———. 2019. “Captivating Algorithms: Recommender Systems as Traps.” Journal of Material Culture 24 (4): 421–36. https://doi.org/10.1177/1359183518820366.¶

Segura, María Soledad, and Silvio Waisbord. 2019. “Between Data Capitalism and Data Citizenship.” Television & New Media 20 (4): 412–19. https://doi.org/10.1177/1527476419834519.¶

Shani, Guy, and Asela Gunawardana. 2011. “Evaluating Recommendation Systems.” In Recommender Systems Handbook, edited by Francesco Ricci, Lior Rokach, Bracha Shapira, and Paul B. Kantor, 257–97. Boston, MA: Springer US. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-85820-3_8.¶

Sheehey, Bonnie. 2019. “Algorithmic Paranoia: The Temporal Governmentality of Predictive Policing.” Ethics and Information Technology 21 (1): 49–58. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10676-018-9489-x.¶

Shor, P.W. 1994. “Algorithms for Quantum Computation: Discrete Logarithms and Factoring.” In Proceedings 35th Annual Symposium on Foundations of Computer Science, 124–34. https://doi.org/10.1109/SFCS.1994.365700.¶

Simmel, Georg. (1900) 2004. The Philosophy of Money. Revised Edition. London ; New York: Routledge.¶

———. (1908) 2009. Sociology: Inquiries into the Construction of Social Forms. Translated by Anthony J. Blasi, Anton K. Jacobs, and Mathew Kanjirathinkal. Leiden, Boston: Brill.¶

Smith, Brent., and Greg Linden. 2017. “Two Decades of Recommender Systems at Amazon.Com.” IEEE Internet Computing 21 (3): 12–18. https://doi.org/10.1109/MIC.2017.72.¶

Sørensen, Jannick Kirk. 2019. “Public Service Media, Diversity and Algorithmic Recommendation. Tensions between Editorial Principles and Algorithms in European PSM Organizations.” In CEUR Workshop Proceedings, 2554:6–11. Copenhagen. http://ceur-ws.org/Vol-2554/paper_01.pdf.¶

Sørensen, Jannick Kirk, and Jonathon Hutchinson. 2018. “Algorithms and Public Service Media.” In RIPE@ 2016 Conference Proceedings . Antwerpen: Nordicom.¶

Sørensen, Jannick Kirk, and Jan-Hinrik Schmidt. 2016. “An Algorithmic Diversity Diet? Questioning Assumptions behind a Diversity Recommendation System for PSM.” In RIPE@2016 Conference Proceedings. Antwerpen: Nordicom.¶

Spiekermann, S., and F. Pallas. 2006. “Technology Paternalism – Wider Implications of Ubiquitous Computing.” Poiesis & Praxis 4 (1): 6–18. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10202-005-0010-3.¶

Srnicek, Nick. 2016. Platform Capitalism. 1st ed. Cambridge, UK ; Malden, MA: Polity.¶

Staab, Philipp. 2019. Digitaler Kapitalismus: Markt Und Herrschaft in Der Ökonomie Der Unknappheit. Berlin: Suhrkamp.¶

Star, Susan Leigh, and James R. Griesemer. 1989. “Institutional Ecology, `Translations’ and Boundary Objects: Amateurs and Professionals in Berkeley’s Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, 1907-39.” Social Studies of Science 19 (3): 387–420. https://doi.org/10.1177/030631289019003001.¶

Stark, Luke. 2018. “Algorithmic Psychometrics and the Scalable Subject.” Social Studies of Science 48 (2): 204–31. https://doi.org/10.1177/0306312718772094.¶

Steen, Marc. 2015. “Upon Opening the Black Box and Finding It Full: Exploring the Ethics in Design Practices.” Science, Technology, & Human Values 40 (3): 389–420. https://doi.org/10.1177/0162243914547645.¶

Suchman, Lucille Alice. 2007. Human and Machine Reconfigurations: Plans and Situated Actions. 2nd ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.¶

Sunstein, Cass R. 2009. Republic.Com 2.0. Princeton, N.J: Princeton University Press.¶

Sztompka, Piotr. 2014. Agency and Structure: Reorienting Social Theory.. Routledge.¶

Taylor, Charles. 2004. Modern Social Imaginaries. Durham, London: Duke University Press.¶

Ten, Chin Liew 1998. “Democracy, Socialism, and the Working Classes.” In The Cambridge Companion to Mill, edited by John Skorupski, 372–95. Cambridge Companions to Philosophy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.¶

Terranova, Tiziana. 2004. Network Culture: Politics for the Information Age. London, Ann Arbor, MI: Pluto Press.¶

Thomas, William Isaac, and Dorothy Swaine Thomas. 1928. The Child in America: Behavior Problems and Programs. New York: Alfred A. Knopf.¶

Thorson, Kjerstin, Kelley Cotter, Mel Medeiros, and Chankyung Pak. 2021. “Algorithmic Inference, Political Interest, and Exposure to News and Politics on Facebook.” Information, Communication & Society 24 (2): 183–200. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2019.1642934.¶

Thrift, Nigel, and Shaun French. 2002. “The Automatic Production of Space.” Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers 27 (3): 309–35. https://doi.org/10.1111/1475-5661.00057.¶

Torrance, John. 1995. Karl Marx’s Theory of Ideas. Cambridge University Press.¶

Totaro, Paolo, and Domenico Ninno. 2014. “The Concept of Algorithm as an Interpretative Key of Modern Rationality.” Theory, Culture & Society 31 (4): 29–49. https://doi.org/10.1177/0263276413510051.¶

Tufekci, Zeynep. 2014. “Engineering the Public: Big Data, Surveillance and Computational Politics.” First Monday 19 (7). https://doi.org/10.5210/fm.v19i7.4901.¶

Unkel, Julian. 2019. Informationsselektion Mit Suchmaschinen. Baden-Baden: Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft mbH & Co. KG. https://doi.org/10.5771/9783748901037.¶

Upchurch, Martin, and Phoebe V. Moore. 2018. “Deep Automation and the World of Work.” In Humans and Machines at Work: Monitoring, Surveillance and Automation in Contemporary Capitalism, edited by Phoebe V. Moore, Martin Upchurch, and Xanthe Whittaker, 45–71. New York, NY: Palgrave Macmillan.¶

Van den Bulck, Hilde, and Hallvard Moe. 2018. “Public Service Media, Universality and Personalisation through Algorithms: Mapping Strategies and Exploring Dilemmas.” Media, Culture & Society 40 (6): 875–92. https://doi.org/10.1177/0163443717734407.¶

Vargas, Eduardo Viana, Bruno Latour, Bruno Karsenti, Frédérique Aït-Touati, and Louise Salmon. 2008. “The Debate between Tarde and Durkheim:” Environment and Planning D: Society and Space, January. https://doi.org/10.1068/d2606td.¶

Varnelis, Kazys, ed. 2008. Networked Publics. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.¶

Veale, Michael, and Reuben Binns. 2017. “Fairer Machine Learning in the Real World: Mitigating Discrimination without Collecting Sensitive Data.” Big Data & Society 4 (2): 2053951717743530. https://doi.org/10.1177/2053951717743530.¶

Vioulac, Jean. 2009. L’époque de La Technique. Marx, Heidegger et l’accomplissement de La Métaphysique. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France.¶

Wachter, Sandra, Brent Mittelstadt, and Chris Russell. 2017. “Counterfactual Explanations without Opening the Black Box: Automated Decisions and the GDPR.” Harvard Journal of Law & Technology (Harvard JOLT) 31: 841–88.¶

Wacquant, Loïc. 2004. Body & Soul: Notebooks of an Apprentice Boxer. Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press.¶

Warren, Mark. 1992. “Democratic Theory and Self-Transformation.” American Political Science Review 86 (1): 8–23. https://doi.org/10.2307/1964012.¶

Weber, Max. (1922) 1978. Economy and Society: An Outline of Interpretive Sociology. Edited by Guenther Roth and Wittich Claus. Berkeley, Los Angeles, London: University of California Press.¶

Wieder, D. Lawrence. 1974. Language and Social Reality: The Case of Telling the Convict Code. The Hague, Paris: Mouton.¶

Willson, Michele. 2014. “The Politics of Social Filtering.” Convergence 20 (2): 218–32. https://doi.org/10.1177/1354856513479761.¶

———. 2017. “Algorithms (and the) Everyday.” Information, Communication & Society 20 (1): 137–50. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2016.1200645.¶

Winner, Langdon. 1980. “Do Artifacts Have Politics?” Daedalus 19 (1): 121–36.¶

Wirth, Niklaus. 1975. Algorithms + Data Structures = Programs. New Delhi: Prentice Hall India.¶

Wong, Pak-Hang. 2020. “Democratizing Algorithmic Fairness.” Philosophy & Technology 33 (2): 225–44. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13347-019-00355-w.¶

Yadav, Naina, Rajesh Kumar Mundotiya, Amil Kumar Singh, and Sukomal Pal. 2020. “Diversity in Recommendation System: A Cluster Based Approach.” In Hybrid Intelligent Systems: 19th International Conference on Hybrid Intelligent Systems (HIS 2019) Held in Bhopal, India, December 10-12, 2019, edited by Ajith Abraham, Shishir K. Shandilya, Laura Garcia-Hernandez, and Maria Leonilde Varela, 113–22. Cham: Springer Nature.¶

Yeung, Karen. 2017. “‘Hypernudge’: Big Data as a Mode of Regulation by Design.” Information, Communication & Society 20 (1): 118–36. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2016.1186713.¶

———. 2018. “Algorithmic Regulation: A Critical Interrogation.” Regulation & Governance 12 (4): 505–23. https://doi.org/10.1111/rego.12158.¶

Zarsky, Tal. 2016. “The Trouble with Algorithmic Decisions: An Analytic Road Map to Examine Efficiency and Fairness in Automated and Opaque Decision Making.” Science, Technology, & Human Values 41 (1): 118–32. https://doi.org/10.1177/0162243915605575.¶

Zhu, Haiyi, Bowen Yu, Aaron Halfaker, and Loren Terveen. 2018. “Value-Sensitive Algorithm Design: Method, Case Study, and Lessons.” Proc. ACM Hum.-Comput. Interact. 2 (CSCW): 194:1194:23. https://doi.org/10.1145/3274463.¶

Ziewitz, Malte. 2016. “Governing Algorithms: Myth, Mess, and Methods.” Science, Technology & Human Values 41 (1): 3–16. https://doi.org/10.1177/0162243915608948.¶

———. 2017. “A Not Quite Random Walk: Experimenting with the Ethnomethods of the Algorithm.” Big Data & Society 4 (2): 2053951717738105. https://doi.org/10.1177/2053951717738105.¶

Zuboff, Shoshana. 2019. The Age of Surveillance Capitalism: The Fight for a Human Future at the New Frontier of Power. New York: PublicAffairs. Democratic Algorithms: Ethnography of a Public Recommender System¶